Sigma-Aldrich Lipopolysaccharide, 100mg

Sigma-Aldrich Lipopolysaccharide, 100 mg Net Content, Lyophilized Powder Form, Off-White to Faint Yellow/Tan, 2 to 8 deg C, LPS, Phenol Extraction, Escherichia coli (O111:B4) Biological Source. Lipopolysaccharides are characteristic components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. A typical LPS molecule has lipid A (a glucosamine-based phospholipid), a relatively short core oligosaccharide and a distal polysaccharide (O-antigen). LPSs contribute to the integrity of the outer membrane and protect the cell against the action of bile salts and lipophilic anti-biotics. They stimulate host cells via TLR2 and TLR4 (toll like receptors). This stimulation results in the generation of various proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα (tumor necrosis factor), IL-1 (interleukin 1) and IL-6. This product is phenol extracted from E. coli serotype O111:B4. The source strain is from a private collection. This LPS serotype has been used to stimulate B-cells and induce NOS (nitric oxide synthase) in human hepatocytes - SIAL (Additional S&H Or Hazmat Fees May Apply)